The European Union and Human Security by Mary Martin Mary Kaldor

Author:Mary Martin, Mary Kaldor [Mary Martin, Mary Kaldor]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780415498722
Barnesnoble:
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Published: 2009-12-10T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1 Between 1978 and 2000, the Israeli occupation of south Lebanon provoked important losses in Israeli military personnel (1,280 died and 7,500 wounded) and materials (170 tanks, 6 planes and 11 helicopters destroyed).

2 Bridges, power stations, telecommunications, water and oil installations, factories, etc.

3 In January 2007, preliminary findings of a State Department investigation into Israel’s use of US-made cluster bombs in the war showed that the Israeli army likely violated agreements with the United States governing their use. ‘There may – likely could have been some violations,’ said the State Department spokesman Sean McCormack. He added: ‘This is a preliminary finding and because it also involves the agreements about use (of munitions), which are classified, I cannot get into the details.’

4 In the south, many families survive through remittances and so, in many cases, consist only of women because men are away (in the Gulf, in West Africa or elsewhere), working.

5 The ceasefire between Israel and Hizbollah was agreed on 11 August 2006 and came into effect on the morning of 14 August.

6 Under the 425 resolution (United Nations 1978).

7 France, Italy, Spain, India and Ghana provided troops, and Germany a naval contingent.

8 Infrastructure: $3.6 billion; Tourism: $3 billion; Investment: $2billion; Public deficit: $1.5 billion; GDP Contraction:$1.1billion; Other: $0.2 billion.

9 In the power plant of Jiyeh.

10 The Treaty of Versailles acknowledged replacement of the Ottoman Empire’s sovereignty with rule by different European ‘mandatory’ powers (France in Lebanon, the UK in Syria) under the auspices of the League of Nations.

11 The notion of ‘village of origin’ froze geographically the political landscape, with Sunnis living in big cities, particularly Beirut, Saïda and Tripoli, Shias found in the South and the Bekaa but also in Beirut and its southern suburbs, and Druzes and Maronites concentrated respectively in the south and the north of Mount-Lebanon (Verdeil 2005).

12 The exact number will never be known.

13 A personal friend of the former French President Mr Chirac, Mr Hariri was a wealthy businessman of very modest origins who made a fortune in Saudi Arabia. With a fortune estimated between 4 and 10 billion dollars, he had activities and interests in banking, construction, industry, media, etc. In 1979, he created in Paris Oger International, a property company which massively contributed to the rebuilding of Beirut after the civil war in the 1990s.

14 The resolve to ensure justice in the case of Rafik Hariri contrasts markedly with the repeated failures of the Lebanese system to deliver justice for other political killings and human rights abuses, creating a perception that some are considered more deserving of justice than others.

15 The section I (for War Crimes) and section II (for Organised Crime, Economic Crime and Corruption) of the Criminal Court of Bosnia-Herzegovina has such ‘hybrid’ chambers.

16 Economic statistics are very poor and there are no serious data available on the amount of such transfers, in particular on the sharing between direct investments, transfer of capital and current transfers.

17 In December 2006, two Hizbollah officials were for the first time officially invited in Saudi Arabia.

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