The Closed Commercial State: Perpetual Peace and Commercial Society from Rousseau to Fichte by Nakhimovsky Isaac

Author:Nakhimovsky, Isaac [Nakhimovsky, Isaac]
Language: eng
Format: mobi
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Published: 2011-08-02T16:00:00+00:00

The passage is a summary of Vattel’s Law of Nations.

109 Clarke, Disorganization of Europe, 143, 149–50.

110 See Iain Hampsher-Monk, “Edmund Burke’s Changing Justification for Intervention,” Historical Journal 48, no. 1 (2005): 65–100; and David Armitage, “Edmund Burke and Reason of State,” Journal of the History of Ideas 61, no. 4 (2000): 617–34.

111 Kant, “Theory and Practice,” in Political Writings, 92.

112 Kant, Perpetual Peace, 103.

113 Gentz, “Über den ewigen Frieden,” 275.

114 Gentz, On the State of Europe, 181. The progress of enlightenment was not limited to governments alone: “A more enlightened, liberal, and benevolent way of thinking, had at the same time spread through the great body of the people in almost every European country. Their eyes were opened to their true interests; not only this or that particular war, but all wars were become in the highest degree unpopular” (182–83).

115 Ibid., 182.

116 Ibid., 353.

117 Philip Dwyer, “The Politics of Prussian Neutrality, 1795–1806,” German History 12 (1994): 359.

118 Biro, German Policy of Revolutionary France, 2:622–30.

119 Simms, Impact of Napoleon; and Philip Dwyer, “Prussia and the Armed Neutrality: The Invasion of Hanover in 1801,” International History Review 15 (1993): 661–87.

120 Dwyer, “Prussia and Armed Neutrality,” 664.

121 Georg Heinrich Berenhorst, cited in T.C.W. Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802 (London: Arnold, 1996), 8.

122 Florian Schui, “Prussia’s Trans-Oceanic Moment: The Creation of the Prussian Asiatic Trading Company in 1750,” Historical Journal 49, no. 1 (2006): 143–60.

123 Honoré-Gabriel de Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Lettre remise à Frédéric-Guillaume II, Roi Regnant de Prusse, le jour de son Avénement au Trône (Berlin, 1787), 47–48.

124 Biro, German Policy of Revolutionary France, 2:891–93.

125 François-Xavier Audouin, Du commerce maritime, de son influence sur la richesse et la force des états, démontrée par l’histoire des nations anciennes et modernes; situation actuelle des puissances de l’Europe, considérées dans leurs rapports avec la France et l’Angleterre; réflexions sur l’armament en course, sa législation et ses avantages (Paris, 1800), 2:83–84.

126 On the long history of Prussia’s unhappy neutrality, extending back to the Thirty Years’ War, see Christopher M. Clark, Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (London: Allen Lane, 2006), 23–24, 293–305. Fichte later denounced this policy in his 1807 article on Machiavelli: “Über Machiavelli als Schriftsteller,” in Fichte, Gesamtausgabe, pt. 1, 9:256–59.

127 Sieyès to Talleyrand, 8 January 1799, in Bailleu, Preussen und Frankreich, 1:496–97.

128 See Hugh Ragsdale, “A Continental System in 1801: Paul I and Bonaparte,” Journal of Modern History 42, no. 1 (1970): 70–89; and Ragsdale, “Russia, Prussia and Europe in the Policy of Paul I,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 31 (1983): 81–118.

129 Isabel De Madariaga, Britain, Russia, and the Armed Neutrality of 1780: Sir James Harris’s Mission to St. Petersburg during the American Revolution (London: Hollis and Carter, 1962), 157. Catherine’s bilingual memorandum demands quotation: “Il n’y avait plus moyen de faire autrement, denn die Teutschen hassen nichts so als wenn die Leute ihnen auf die Nase spielen wollen . . . Le confrere Charles échauffe nos oreilles dans ce moment; je vous prie de nous préter la vôtre

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