Roger L'Estrange and the Making of Restoration Culture by Beth Lynch

Author:Beth Lynch [Lynch, Beth]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: History, General
ISBN: 9781351902656
Google: aU9BDgAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 22283924
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2017-03-02T06:27:47+00:00

EXPORT CONTROL DEVELOPMENTS

Constructing a system to control the export of sensitive technologies and materials is a natural part of constructing a self-sustaining government, and much progress has been made in Kazakhstan toward the goal of building a viable, solid system of export control.10 Considering the handicaps present in Kazakhstan, its system of export control has developed quite well over the past five years. This chapter demonstrates the driving forces that led to the level of export control development witnessed in Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan is still in the middle of a long process of building a functional export control system consistent with Western standards. Largely due to the considerable amount of inherited technologies and materials on its soil, Kazakhstan's internal policy processes became a focus of the Western community. Experts and policy-makers in the West understood that a new and immature state would struggle on its own to build the structures needed to sufficiently protect the sensitive materials and technologies that would be of interest to would-be proliferants. Most of this focus was on Kazakhstan's nuclear policy. Not only did Kazakhstan inherit a significant nuclear arsenal, which it rather quickly agreed to transfer back to Russian soil, but it also inherited a significant nuclear complex including enrichment facilities, a BN350 fast breeder reactor on the Caspian Sea, and one of the largest uranium mining facilities in the world.11 With all of these capabilities, the West, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), wanted to ensure that proper controls were placed over these materials and technologies. In the beginning, much of the focus was steadfastly on the types of safeguards placed on Kazakhstani nuclear installations including the existing material protection, control, and accounting (MPC&A) procedures. As time progressed, however, some attention also began to be paid to the state's export control processes as well. Western partners—e.g., the U.S. government—demonstrated to the Kazakhstanis repeatedly in the early 1990s that export control should be on their policy agenda, but any development would need to come from within Kazakhstan's policy circles and bureaucracies.

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