Re-Thinking Time at the Interface of Physics and Philosophy by Albrecht Müller & Thomas Filk

Author:Albrecht Müller & Thomas Filk
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Cham

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where is the tensor product of the generic initial state of the system and the vacuum state of the electromagnetic field; is the creation operator of the emitted photon with momentum p and polarization s, and is the solid angle.

So far, the emission rate has been calculated only for three simple systems: a free (charged) particle [56–58], a particle bounded by an harmonic potential [56], and the hydrogen atom [57]. Two different dynamical reduction models have been used for the calculations: the QMUPL model [56] and the CSL model [57]. The main advantage of the QMUPL model over the CSL model is that one can obtain exact analytical expressions for the free particle and the particle bounded by an harmonic potential [56]. On the other hand, the CSL model is physically more realistic, but the relevant computation can only be done with perturbative methods [57, 58].

For example, using the CSL or the QMUPL model, the emission rate of the free particle is:

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