Princeton Review AP Biology Premium Prep, 2021 by The Princeton Review

Author:The Princeton Review [The Princeton Review]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Random House Children's Books
Published: 2020-08-11T00:00:00+00:00

DNA Sequencing

An important tool of modern scientists is the process of DNA sequencing. This allows scientists to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. By knowing this, scientists could design their own DNA plasmid and use it to study a gene of interest.

KEY TERMS

nucleotide

five-carbon sugar

phosphate

nitrogenous base

deoxyribose

adenine

guanine

cytosine

thymine

phosphodiester bonds

double helix

Watson, Crick, and Franklin

base pairing

complementary

antiparallel

hydrogen bonds

gene

genome

chromosome

histone

nucleosome

euchromatin

heterochromatin

DNA replication

helicase

replication fork

origins of replication

topoisomerase

DNA polymerase

RNA primase

RNA primer

leading strand

lagging strand

Okazaki fragments

DNA ligase

semiconservative replication

telomeres

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

Hershey-Chase

transcription

translation

Central Dogma of Biology

ribose uracil

messenger RNA (mRNA)

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

transfer RNA (tRNA)

RNA interference (RNAi)/silencing RNA (siRNA)

polycistronic transcript

monocistronic transcript

promoter

antisense/non-coding/template strand

sense/coding strand

RNA polymerase

start site

exons

introns

splicing

spliceosome

poly(A) tail

5’ GTP cap

codon

anticodon

wobble pairing

initiation

elongation

termination

A site, P site, E site

start codon

stop codons

pre-transcriptional regulation

transcription factors

epigenetic changes

operon

structural genes

promoter genes

operator

regulatory gene

inducer

post-transcriptional regulation

post-translational regulation

morphogenesis

zygote

fertilization homeotic genes

Hox genes

mutation

base substitution

nonsense mutation

missense mutation

silent mutation

gene rearrangements

insertions

deletions

frameshift mutation

duplications

inversions

translocations

transposons

bacteria

conjugation

viruses

host

bacteriophage

lytic cycle

lysogenic cycle

transduction

enveloped virus

retrovirus

reverse transcriptase

recombinant DNA

genetic engineering

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

thermocycler

transformation

plasmid

vector

restriction enzyme

sticky end

transfection

gel electrophoresis

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

DNA fingerprinting

DNA sequencing

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