let's beginning with Arduino by M Mokadem

Author:M Mokadem [Mokadem, M]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Published: 2016-03-18T23:00:00+00:00

Assuming that program has been uploaded correctly connect an LED to the pins 13 and GND on the board like you see in the illustration.

/ what is electricity If you have ever done any plumbing at home, electronics won’t be a problem for you to understand. Jokes aside, in order to understand how electricity and electric circuits work the best way is to build a mental model called the “water analogy”. Let’s take a simple device like a portable fan,

if you take it apart you will see that it contains a small battery a couple of wires going to an electric motor and one of the wires is interrupted by a switch. Now makes sure you have a new battery fitted in the device and activate the switch; the motor will start to spin providing the necessary refreshment. How does this work? Well imagine that the battery is a water pump and the switch is a tap while the motor is one of those wheels you see in watermills, when you open the tap water will flow from the pump and push the wheel into motion.

Now in this simple hydraulic system two parameters are important: the pressure of the water (this is given from how powerful is the pump) and the amount of water that will flow in the pipes (this depends from the size of the pipes and the resistance that the wheel will oppose to the stream of water hitting it).

You quickly understand that if you want the wheel to spin faster you need to increase the size of the pipes (but this works only up to a point) and increase the pressure that the pump can achieve. Increasing the size of the pipes allows more flow of water to go through them, effectively by making them bigger we have reduced the resistance they oppose to the flow of water. This works until a certain point where the wheel won’t spin any faster because the pressure of the water is not strong enough and this is when we need the pump to be stronger.

This can go on until the point when the wheel falls apart because the water flow is too strong and destroys it. Another thing you will notice is that as the wheel spins the axle will heat up a little bit, this is because no matter how good is the way we have mounted the wheel the attrition between the axle and the holes it is mounted in will generate heat. This is important to understand that in a system like this not all the energy you pump into the system will be converted into movement, some will be lost in a number of inefficiencies and will generally show up as heat emanating from some parts of the system.

So what are the important parts of the system as we described it before? The pressure produced by the pump is one, the resistance that the pipes and wheel oppose to the flow of water and the

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