The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel by Mark S. Smith

Author:Mark S. Smith [Smith, Mark S.]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Religion, Comparative Religion, history, Social Science, Sociology of Religion
ISBN: 9780802839725
Google: 1yM3AuBh4AsC
Publisher: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
Published: 2002-08-03T00:12:44.940523+00:00

1. For secondary literature up to 1975, see Cooper, “Divine Names and Epithets in the Ugaritic Texts,” 350-52; see also M. H. Pope, “Baal Worship,” EncJud 4:7-12; R. Rendtorff, “El, Baʿal und Jahwe: Erwägungen zum Verhältnis von kanaanäischer und israelitischer Religion,” ZAW 78 (1966): 277-92; E. Gaál, “Tuthmösis III as Storm-God?” Studia Aegyptica 3 (1977): 29-37; D. Kinet, Baʿal und Jahwe: Ein Beitrag zur Theologie des Hoseabuches, Europaische Hochschulschriften 23/87 (Frankfurt/Bern: Lang, 1977); A. Saviv, “Baal and Baalism in Scripture,” Beth Mikra 29 (1983/84): 128-32 (Heb.). On Baal in sources prior to Ugaritic material, see K. Koch, “Zur Entstehung der Baʿal-Verehrung,” UF 11 (1979 = C. F. A. Schaeffer Festschrift): 465-79; G. Pettinato, “Pre-Ugaritic Documentation of Baʿal,” in The Bible World: Essays in Honor of Cyrus H. Gordon, ed. G. Rendsburg, A. Adler, M. Arfa, and N. H. Winter (New York: KTAV, 1980), 203-9; W. Herrmann, “Baal,” DDD, 132-39; cf. E. Sollberger, Administrative Texts Chiefly Concerning Textiles: L. 2752, Archiv Reali di Ebla Testi 8 (Rome: Missione Archeologica Italiana in Siria, 1986), 9-10.

2. See chapter 1, section 3.

3. On the Baal names in the Samaria ostraca, see Pope, “Baal Worship,” 11; R. Lawton, “Israelite Personal Names on Pre-Exilic Hebrew Inscriptions,” Biblica 65 (1984): 332, 335, 341; I. T. Kaufman, “The Samaria Ostraca: A Study in Ancient Hebrew Paleography” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1966); idem, “The Samaria Ostraca: An Early Witness to Hebrew Writing,” BA 45 (1982): 229-39; Tigay, You Shall Have No Other Gods, 65-66. The names are ʾbbʿl, “Baal/lord is father” (2:4); bʿlʾ, “Baal/lord” (1:7); bʿlzmr, “Baal/lord is strong” (or “Baal/lord sings,” 12:2-3); bʿlʾzkr, “Baal/lord remembers” (37:3); and mrbʿl, “Baal/lord is strong(?)” (2:7); cf. [t]ṣbʿl(?) in Mesad Hashavyahu (see Tigay, You Shall Have No Other Gods, 66). On the background of the ostraca, see also A. F. Rainey, “The Sitz im Leben of the Samaria Ostraca,” TA 6 (1979): 91-94; cf. W. H. Shea, “Israelite Chronology and the Samaria Ostraca,” ZDPV 101 (1985): 9-20. See also the Phoenician name bʿlplṭ from Tel Dan (J. Naveh, “Inscriptions of the Biblical Period,” in Recent Archaeology in the Land of Israel, ed. H. Shanks and B. Mazar [Jerusalem: Biblical Archaeology Society and Israel Exploration Society, 1985], 64); the Hebrew name blntn (*bêl-nātan from *baʿal-nātan) in an eighth-century Aramaic inscription from Calah (so Albright, “An Ostracon,” 34 n. 15, 35). Albright interprets the theophoric element in this name as a title of Yahweh, but the name seems to be non-Yahwistic.

4. Pope, “Baal Worship,” 11-12. See also A. Rainey, “The Toponyms of Eretz Israel,” BASOR 231 (1978): 1-17; B. Rosen, “Early Israelite Cultic Centres in the Hill Country,” VT 38 (1988): 114-17.

5. Olyan, Asherah and the Cult of Yahweh, 6. For further discussion, see Y. Yadin, “The ‘House of Baal’ of Ahab and Jezebel in Samaria, and that of Athalia in Judah,” in Archaeology in the Levant: Essays for Kathleen Kenyon, ed. R. Moorey and P. Parr (Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips, 1978), 127-35; cf. B. Halpern, “‘The Excremental Vision’: The Doomed Priests of Doom in Isaiah 28,” Hebrew Annual Review 10 (1986): 117 n.

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