Art, Technology, and Language Across the Middle East by Baldino Greg;

Author:Baldino, Greg; [Baldino, Greg]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Cavendish Square Publishing LLC

Growing plants for food can be complicated, but the secret to permaculture is that plants grow everywhere. They grow in forests, in plains, in swampland, in the sea, on mountains, in the desert, under glaciers, in caves; they even grow in smog-choked, asphalt-paved cities. Delicate flowers can crack concrete sidewalk tiles. Permaculture is a way of agriculture that works by taking advantage of the natural behavior of plants, rather than by making plants fit into an artificial form.

Holy Text, Sacred Speech

The official language of Israel is Hebrew, a language dating back at least three thousand years. It uses twenty-two characters and, like Arabic, it is written from right to left. Arabic and Hebrew are very similar and belong to the Semitic language family.

Hebrew’s role in Jewish life is also similar to Arabic’s role in Muslim life. Hebrew is considered sacred in Jewish tradition, and reading and understanding the language is key to the religion itself. As part of the bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah ceremonies, in which Jewish boys and girls are recognized as adults within the community, children recite from the holy scriptures of the Torah in Hebrew, which they study as part of their religious education.

The original Hebrew language fell out of common usage in the fourth century CE as Jewish people integrated into other cultures. It survived as a written language for religious purposes and was revived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the Zionist movement. For some, the decision to adopt Hebrew as a common language for Palestinian Jews seeking to create a national state was controversial. According to them, Hebrew was a holy language, and not to be used for discussing everyday matters. Another language considered was Yiddish, a pidgin language that had developed in Europe, combining parts of the Hebrew language with European words.

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