How the West Lost the Peace by Philipp Ther

Author:Philipp Ther [Ther, Philipp]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781509550616
Published: 2023-07-03T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1. Marx wrote these words in what is perhaps his best essay, ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte’; see Marx and Engels Collected Works , vol. 11: Marx and Engels, 1851–53 , London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2010 (1979), pp. 99–197.

2. For an account of Berlusconi’s rise, see Guido Crainz, Storia della Repubblica: L’Italia dalla Liberazione ad oggi , Rome: Donzelli, 2016, pp. 306–13.

3. However, he is mentioned by Cas Mudde and other political scientists who have been researching right-wing populism for a long time; see, e.g., Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Populism: A Very Short Introduction , New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. In Italy itself, of course, there is extensive contemporary literature on the topic; see, e.g., Nicola Tranfaglia, Populismo autoritario: Autobiografia di una nazione , Milan: Dalai, 2010 (who points out interesting connections with Latin American populism) or Marco Tarchi, L’Italia populista: Dal qualunquismo a Beppe Grillo , Bologna: Il Mulino, 2014 (who covers more background from 1944 onwards).

4. For the details of the scandal, see Paul Ginsborg, Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State, 1980–2001 , London: Penguin, 2001, pp. 267ff.

5. All the figures cited here relating to Italy’s budget deficits and overall debt are based on a detailed research report from the European House – Ambrosetti think tank ( www.ambrosetti.eu ). The long version is available upon request through the website. Appendix ( appendice ) 6 covers the development of Italy’s debt broken down by year and government. A short version of the report was published in the newspaper Corriere della Sera ; see Federico Fubini, ‘Cernobbio, il livello record del debito: l’Italia come ai tempi di guerra’ in: Corriere della Sera (5 April 2019), available online at https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/19_aprile_05/livello-record-debito-come-tempi-guerra-df2f9b6a-57da-11e9-9553-f00a7f633280.shtml .

6. For a discussion of this ‘managerialism’ in 1994 (including quotes from the 1994 election campaign), see Giovanni Orsina, Berlusconism and Italy: A Historical Interpretation , translated by Emily and Hugo Bowles, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, pp. 71–2 and the entire third chapter.

7. See the data in appendix 6 of the report cited in note 5.

8. The precise point at which Italy overtook the UK was fiercely debated at the time; see Paul Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988 , New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p. 408.

9. For the history of Olivetti, see Giovanni De Witt, Le fabbriche ed il mondo: L’Olivetti industriale nella competizione globale, 1950–90 , Milan: FrancoAngeli, 2005.

10. Regarding the success of Fiat in the 1980s, see Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy , p. 407; regarding Fiat’s expansion in Eastern Europe, see Valentina Fava, ‘Between Business Interests and Ideological Marketing: The USSR and the Cold War in Fiat Corporate Strategy, 1957–1972’ in: Journal of Cold War Studies 20/4 (2018), pp. 26–64.

11. An entire economic and social history of Italy could be written based only on Olivetti, Fiat and companies that grew in the context of the public holding company IRI. In light of Italy’s decline since the mid-1990s, such an analysis is urgently necessary, not least to determine how the trend can be reversed.

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