French Military Rule in Morocco by Moshe Gershovich

Author:Moshe Gershovich [Gershovich, Moshe]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: History, Middle East, General, Social Science, Regional Studies
ISBN: 9781136325878
Google: KkcM5c48hBIC
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2012-10-12T01:16:33+00:00

NOTES

1.A statement of that feeling was included in a letter he sent from Fez on 27 May 1912. See Pierre Lyautey (ed.), Lyautey l’Africain, textes et lettres du Maréchal Lyautey (Paris, Pion, 1953-57), vol. I, p. 9.

2.Letter by Lyautey to E. Rousseau, 9 July 1912; cited by Rivet, Lyautey et l’institution du protectorat français au Maroc 1912-1925 (three vols; Paris, LHarmattan, 1988), vol. I, p. 161.

3.Mawlay Ahmad Haybat Allah was the fourth son of Shaykh Ma al-’Aynyn, a religious leader of late nineteenth-century Mauritania and southern Morocco who raised an anti-French resistance movement there. See Jacques Cagne, ‘Essai sur le sentiment national dans les provinces sahariennes,marocaines au début du XXeme siècle’. Revue d’Histoire Maghrébine, vol. 13, 41-42 (1986), pp. 15-29.

4.According to Lyautey’s chief diplomatie aide, Saint-Aulaire (in his memoirs, Confession d’un vieux diplomate [Paris, Flammarion, 1953], p. 265), the resident- general actually received a wire strictly forbidding him from marching on Marrakech. Lyautey chose to ‘forget’ the telegram in his pocket until it was too late to recall the attacking force. Rivet çLyautey et l’institution du protectorat, vol. I, p. 142, n. 609) cites a telegram sent by Prime Minister Poincaré to Lyautey on 27 August 1912 which stated that an expedition to Marrakech ‘is contrary to the program that was set for you … If you find it necessary in the current state of things, the government will have to deliberate on an entirely new proposition.’

5.Lyautey’s letter to War Minister Etienne, April 1913, cited in Lyautey l’Africain, vol. I, p. 79.

6.Letter to Mme Cavaignac, 4 April 1913, cited by Louis Mangin in his biography of his father, Le Général Mangin (Paris, Sorlot, 1986), p. 124.

7.Ibid., pp. 123-4.

8.Lyautey l’Africain, vol. I, pp. 84—96.

9.Ibid., pp. 91 and 98; Le Général Mangin, p. 132.

10.On the Ksiba affair see Cornet (Captain), A la Conquête du Maroc Sud avec la colonne Mangin 1912-1913 (Paris, Plön, 1914), pp. 295-326; Deschamps (General), Souvenirs des premieres temps du Maroc Français (Paris, Charles- Lavauzelle, 1935), pp. 190-209; A. Guillaume (General), Les Berbères marocains et la pacification de l’Atlas Central, 1912-1933 (Paris, Julliard, 1946), pp. 137-48. Ksiba was occupied permanently only in 1922. Moha ou Sa‘id, who maintained his opposition to the French to the end, died two years later. The Ait Serri were fully subdued in 1930.

11.Note by Mangin on the military situation in Morocco circulated among the Parisian military establishment, dated 13 December 1913. See Rivet, Lyautey et l’institution du Protectorat, vol. I, p. 210.

12.Note an article on Taventure marocaine’, written by deputy E. Lebrun and published in La Dépêche parlementaire of 11 July 1914, cited ibid., p. 66.

13.Despite his debacle in Ksiba and subsequent involvement in some of the bloodiest battles along the Western Front, Mangin continued to be associated by many with rapid and decisive success. This image is illustrated by the following episode recorded during the Rif War by General Pierre Rondet, then a second-lieutenant. ‘In the mess, at the end of a particularly comfortable meal’, he recounts, ‘a voice rose and declared: “Ah!

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