The Ring and the Cross by Kerry Paul E

Author:Kerry, Paul E.
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 978-1-61147-065-9
Publisher: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press

NOTES

1. For my original argument, see my “Light from an Invisible Lamp.” (The minor changes in the reprinted version included a minor error: the phrase “deliberately cheats” on page 43 should, of course, be “cheats deliberately” to echo Tolkien’s own words.)

2. Tolkien (quoting Dasent), “On Fairy-Stories,” in Monsters and the Critics (1984), 120.

3. Tolkien to Hugh Brogan, September 1955, in Tolkien, Letters, 225.

4. Tolkien to Houghton Mifflin, June 30, 1955, in ibid., 220.

5. Tolkien to Robert Murray (draft), November 4, 1954, in ibid., 204.

6. Tolkien to Houghton Mifflin, June 30, 1955, in ibid., 220.

7. Tolkien, Silmarillion (Boston 1977), 261.

8. See my “Light from an Invisible Lamp” for a more detailed discussion of Tolkien’s use of the word worship.

9. Tolkien, Fellowship of the Ring (1954), 142.

10. Tolkien, Morgoth’s Ring, 370–90.

11. Ibid., 373, emphasis in original.

12. Tolkien, Return of the King (1956), 317.

13. Tolkien, “On Fairy-Stories,” in Monsters and the Critics (1984), 110.

14. Tolkien, Fellowship of the Ring (1954), 53–54.

15. Tolkien, Two Towers (1955), 35.

16. Tolkien, Fellowship of the Ring (1954), 32.

17. Ibid., 94.

18. Tolkien, “On Fairy-Stories,” in Monsters and the Critics (1984), 132.

19. To fix these dates in the chronology of his fiction, The Hobbit was submitted for publication several weeks before the delivery of the Beowulf lecture in 1936, and by the time of “On Fairy-Stories” in 1939 the “sequel” had progressed by twelve chapters, acquired its title, and become already a far more serious and adult work than The Hobbit (see Tolkien to Allen and Unwin, February 2, 1939, in Tolkien, Letters, 41–42). The published text of “On Fairy-Stories” is the expanded version included in Essays Presented to Charles Williams in 1947, revised at a point when the plot was much further advanced and doubtless even more influential.

20. Tolkien, Return of the King (1956), 344.

21. Tolkien, “Beowulf,” in Monsters and the Critics (1984), 27.

22. Ibid., 22.

23. Gandalf is an exception. He is not a Vala, but in many letters he and the Istari are described as “emissaries of the Valar” and in one letter as “of their kind.” (Tolkien to Rhona Beare, October 14, 1958, in Tolkien, Letters, 282.) But since his metaphysical status is not discussed in the narrative, and since the reader has known him fairly familiarly since the opening pages of The Hobbit, this belated identification looks retrospective, an effort to place Gandalf’s resurrection acceptably in the Silmarillion material’s established cosmology. Details, even at this level, do get away from an author in the process of writing, particularly an author who trusts his imagination to do what the story needs; fortunately Tolkien only worried after the fact about what was cosmologically acceptable.

24. Tolkien to Milton Waldman, undated, in ibid., 144.

25. Tolkien, “Beowulf,” in Monsters and the Critics (1984), 18.

26. Ibid., 22.

27. Ibid., 22–23.

28. Ibid., 28.

29. Tolkien, “On Fairy-Stories,” in Monsters and the Critics (1984), 113.

30. Ibid., 139.

31. Ibid., 146.

32. Tolkien, Fellowship of the Ring (1954), 364–65.

33. Brecht, Brecht on Theatre. See index under “alienation” for the development of this idea.

34. Shklovsky, “Art as Technique,” 6.

35. Tolkien, “On Fairy-Stories,” in Monsters and the Critics (1984), 147.

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