The Primate Zoonoses by Loretta A. Cormier Pauline E. Jolly

Author:Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly [Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Social Science, Anthropology, General
ISBN: 9781315414874
Google: dhw0DwAAQBAJ
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2017-09-05T04:36:28+00:00

American trypanosoma

American trypanosomiasis, commonly known as Chagas disease, is a vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The vectors are triatomine insects that infect when their feces come into contact with tissues, such as the conjunctivae, mucosal surfaces, or skin abrasions (Bennett et al. 2014). Although there are over 100 different species of triatomine insects capable of transmitting the parasites, the most important species are Rhodnium prolixus and Triatoma infestans, which infest houses (Kollien and Schaub 2000). The parasites can also be transmitted vertically, through blood transfusion, or through consuming infected food and water (WHO 2012).

Today, approximately 6–7 million people are infected in 21 Latin American countries where the disease is endemic (WHO 2017b). Due to insect control measures, the rates have decreased significantly from the 1980s, when an estimated 24 million people were infected (WHO 2012). Cases of T. cruzi infection have also been found in several southern U.S. states, including Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, New Mexico, Tennessee, Texas, and Utah (Zeledon et al. 2012). The acute phase of infection is often asymptomatic, but may involve fever, headache, enlarged lymph glands and/or muscle, and abdominal or chest pain (WHO 2016c). In less than 50% of the cases, an inflammatory lesion called a chagoma may develop at the site of entry of the infection (Bennet et al. 2014; WHO 2017b). Chagas may develop into a chronic, long-term infection, with 20–30% of those with chronic infection developing irreversible cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and/or neurological disorders (WHO 2012).

Trypanosoma cruzi has been documented in all families and multiple species New World primates. When zoos and research centers in Brazil are included, T. cruzi has been documented in almost every genus of New World primate, including Aotus nigriceps, Brachyteles arachnoides, Cacajao calvus, Callicebus personatus, Callimico goeldi, Callithrix spp., Chiropotes satanas, Leontopithecus spp., Mico spp., Pithecia irrorata, Saguinus spp., and Saimiri boliviensis (Eberhard and D’Alessandro 1982; Lisboa, Mangia, Rubião et al. 2004; Minuzzi-Souza et al. 2016; Ziccardi et al. 2000). Although these are not natural infections, strictly speaking, the captive primates are in geographic areas where the triatomine bug is endemic. In addition, a number of T. cruzi infections have also been identified in captive Old World primates in zoos, research centers, and colonies in southern U.S. states (Louisiana, Texas, and Georgia). They include the prosimians (Lemur catta), Old World monkeys (Macaca and Papio spp.), and a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) (Bommineni et al. 2009; Hall et al. 2007; Kasa et al. 1977; Olson et al. 1986; Pung et al. 1998; Schielke et al. 2002; Williams et al. 2009). Since T. cruzi does not naturally exist in the Old World, they may represent novel cross-infections from being housed with New World primates at the facilities. Alternatively, these primates may represent sentinels for the presence of T. cruzi in the human population in the U.S. South. In addition, it should be noted that New World primates harbor several nonpathogenic species of trypanosomes with T. devei, T. minasense, T. rangeli, and T. saimiri being most often reported (Da Silva et al.

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