Linux System Programming by Robert Love
Author:Robert Love
Language: eng
Format: mobi, epub
Tags: COMPUTERS / Operating Systems / UNIX
ISBN: 9781449339517
Publisher: O’Reilly Media
Published: 2013-05-14T03:00:00+00:00
Hybrid Threading
What if we combine kernel- and user-level threading? Is it possible to achieve the true parallelism of the 1:1 model with the free context switches of the N:1 model? Indeed it is, if you are willing to accept quite a bit of complexity. N:M threading, also known as hybrid threading, attempts to achieve the best of both worlds: the kernel provides a native thread concept, while user space also implements user threads. User space, perhaps in conjunction with the kernel, then decides how to map N user threads onto M kernel threads, where N>=M.
Approaches differ by implementation, but the typical strategy is to not back most of the user threads with a kernel thread. A process might contain hundreds of user threads but only a small number of kernel threads, with that small number a function of processors (with at least one kernel thread for each processor enabling the full utilization of the system) and blocking I/O. As you might imagine, this model is rather complex to implement. Given Linux’s cheap context switches, most system developers do not feel this approach worthwhile and the 1:1 model remains popular for Linux.
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