Guide to Deep Learning Basics by Sandro Skansi

Author:Sandro Skansi
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030375911
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

7.2 The Formation of the Croatian Group in Zagreb

In Yugoslavia, organized effort in machine translation started in 1959, but the first individual effort was made by Vladimir Matković from the Institute for Telecommunications in Zagreb in 1957 in his Ph.D. thesis on entropy in the Croatian language [8]. The main research group in machine translation was formed in 1958, at the Circle for Young Linguists in Zagreb, initiated by the young linguist Bulcsú László, who graduated in Russian language, Southern Slavic languages and English language and literature at the University of Zagreb in 1952. The majority of the group members came from different departments of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb, with several individuals from other institutions. The members from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences were Svetozar Petrović (Department of Comparative Literature), Stjepan Babić (Department of Serbo-Croatian Language and Literature), Krunoslav Pranjić (Department of Serbo-Croatian Language and Literature), Željko Bujas (Department of English Language and Literature), Malik Mulić (Department of Russian Language and Literature) and Bulcsú László (Department of Comparative Slavistics). The members of the research group from outside the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences were Božidar Finka (Institute for Language of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts), Vladimir Vranić (Center for Numerical Research of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts), Vladimir Matković (Institute for Telecommunications) and Vladimir Muljević (Institute for Regulatory and Signal Devices)2 [8].

László and Petrović [13] also commented on the state of the art of the time, noting the USA prototype efforts from 1954 and the publication of a collection of research papers in 1955 as well as the USSR efforts starting from 1955 and the UK prototype from 1956. They do not detail or cite the articles they mention. However, the fact that they referred to them in their text published in 1959 (probably prepared for publishing in 1958, based on [13], where Laszlo and Petrović described that the group had started its work in 1958) leads us to the conclusion that the poorly funded Croatian research was lagging only a couple of years behind the research of the superpowers (which invested heavily in this effort). Another interesting moment, which they delineated in [13], is that the group soon discovered that some experimental work had already been done in 1957 at the Institute of Telecommunications (today a part of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing at the University of Zagreb) by Vladimir Matković. Because of this, they decided to include him in the research group of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Zagreb. The work done by Matković was documented in his doctoral dissertation but remained unpublished until 1959.

The Russian machine translation pioneer Andreev expressed hope that the Yugoslav (Croatian) research group could create a prototype, but sadly, due to the lack of federal funding, this never happened [8]. Unlike their colleagues in the USA and the USSR, László’s group had to manage without an actual computer (which is painfully obvious in [27]), and the results remained only theoretical.

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