e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries by Gervais Mendy & Samuel Ouya & Ibra Dioum & Ousmane Thiaré

Author:Gervais Mendy & Samuel Ouya & Ibra Dioum & Ousmane Thiaré
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030160425
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of zone radius value on the protocol performance parameters (routing overhead, Packet Delivery Ratio and delay),

the optimal value determination of zone radius.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: in Sect. 2, we present related work. In Sect. 3, we analyze ZRP protocol routing load. We present our simulation conditions and analyze simulation results in Sect. 4, then we conclude in Sect. 5.

2 Related Work

Routing protocols used in Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) [2] are mostly derived from an adaptation of those already used in wired networks. Thus Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol [3] is based on OSPF and Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol [4] is inspired from RIP. Because of the transmission mode (blind diffusion) in wireless networks, optimization solutions should take into account interference and congestions. OLSR, for example, introduces the Multi-Point Relay (MPR) mechanism [5]. The goal of this mechanism is to limit routing overhead, by selecting a subset of nodes which are the only ones allowed to broadcast topology control (TC) messages. Despite this mechanism, the routing load is always important for this protocol. It is a critical component for achieving good performance in wireless communications. Negative impact of congestion on the performance of wireless networks has been noted in several studies [6–9].

Hybrid protocols have been proposed to overcome full control messages dissemination of proactive routing protocols.

ZRP is a well-known hybrid routing protocol [10]. It is characterized by its zone radius R which determines the scope of topology control messages broadcasting. For communications to close neighbors (to less than R range), table-driven routing approach is used. For communications with more remote nodes, on-demand routing approach is used. Thus, ZRP implementation has tree components: IntrAzone Routing Protocol (IARP), Interzone Routing Protocol (IERP) and Bordercast Resolution Protocol (BRP). IARP is a limited-scope proactive routing protocol [11]. Since each node monitors changes in its surrounding R-hop neighborhood (routing zone), global route discovery processes to local destinations can be avoided.

IERP is the reactive routing component of ZRP [12]. It adapts existing reactive routing protocol implementations to take advantage of the known topology of each node (surrounding R-hop neighborhood). The availability of routing zone routes allows IERP to pass over route queries for local destinations. A BRP allows a node to send a route request packet to each of its peripheral nodes by unicast or multicast system [13]. By employing query control mechanisms, route requests can be directed away from areas of the network that already have been covered [10, 14].

Duc et al. present congestion as a dominant cause of packet loss in Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANET). They propose a Congestion adaptive Routing Protocol (CRP) [15]. A key in CRP design is the bypass concept. A bypass is a sub-path connecting a node and the next non-congested node. If a node is aware of a potential congestion ahead, it finds a bypass that will be used in case the congestion actually occurs or is about to. Part of the incoming

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