The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right by Davies Peter; Lynch Derek;

Author:Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor and Francis

GLOSSARY

NOTES

This section lists and defines a broad range of terms relating to fascism and the far right.

With organisations, we have tried to include their ‘native’ title, the English translation and initials (where appropriate). We have listed them according to original’ or native’ title, but where only the English title or initials are known we have listed them according to these.

The net has been spread far and wide, dictionary-like, rather than just concentrating on the most obvious terms.

Where a term has more than one application (e.g. Blueshirts’) we have listed all cases in one entry.

Inclusion of a term in this section does not necessarily imply that it is, or was, associated with fascism and the far right. For the most part this is the case, but where appropriate we have also included terms that shed light on the phenomenon of fascism and the far right in a more general sense.

A

ABORTIVE FASCISM Label used by Griffin to denote inter-war fascist movements that were either marginalised or crushed by regimes in power.

ABYSSINIAN INVASION Major overseas military venture by Mussolini in 1936 that challenged the authority of the League of Nations and the principles of collective security. It was designed to consolidate Italy's position in East Africa and pressurise British outposts in the region. The failure of other states to act against the Italians seemed to embolden Axis leaders. Abyssinia (Ethiopia) had been the object of Italian expansionist aims since the 1890s but Mussolini's action, and the weak response to it, were portrayed in Fascist propaganda as confirmation of the success of Il Duce's foreign policy.

ACADEMIC KARELIA SOCIETY (AKS) Finnish proto-fascist movement founded by military personnel in 1922. Anti-Russian and anti-Swedish, it built upon traditional Finnish mythology and dreamed of creating a Finnish ‘super race . It drew much support from students.

AÇÃO INTEGRALISTA BRASILEIRA (BRAZILIAN INTEGRALIST ACTION) (AIB) Formed in 1932, the AIB is generally regarded as the nearest Latin America ever came to a genuine fascist movement. Its leader, Plinio Salgado, was converted to fascism by a trip to Mussolini’s Italy in 1930; he took on board Maurrasian-style Catholicism and also aped Nazism in the way he created a ‘shadow state structure. The AIB was a genuine mass movement, holding huge rallies, boasting a membership of almost 200,000 in 1934, and utilising an array of ritual (salutes, armbands, anthems). It deemed 1934 to be Year One of the ‘Fourth Humanity’. In 1937 Brazil's para-fascist leader Vargas put down the movement.

AÇÃO ESCOLAR VANGUARDA Voluntary youth movement created by Salazar to rival Preto’s Nacional Sindicalismo (NS) Blueshirts in inter-war Portugal.

ACCIÓN ESPAÑOLA (SPANISH ACTION) Faction of the Alfonsine neo-monarchist movement in inter-war Spain. It acted as a kind of royalist think-tank, heavily influenced by the reactionary, counter-revolutionary ideas of Maurras and the Action Franccaise (AF) in France. It had some influence on Franco.

ACCION POPULAR (POPULAR ACTION) Peruvian coalition born in 1956 that stood on a militarist and populist agenda. Its discourse was dominated by cultural nationalism.

ACCIÓN REVOLUCIONARIA MEXICANA (MEXICAN REVOLUTIONARY ACTION) (ARM) Small opposition movement founded in 1933 and known as the Dorados on account of the gold-shirted uniform worn by members.

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