Gems and Gemmology by Stefanos Karampelas & Lore Kiefert & Danilo Bersani & Peter Vandenabeele

Author:Stefanos Karampelas & Lore Kiefert & Danilo Bersani & Peter Vandenabeele
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030354497
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

A classical use for XRF is the quantification of minor or trace elements to distinguish natural gems from their synthetic counterparts. In the case of rubies, the presence of tungsten, molybdenum and bismuth as well as the absence of gallium could indicate a synthetic origin, while changes in the ratio of other elements like vanadium, iron, titanium can suggest different geological environments. As an example, rubies with high iron and low vanadium content mostly come from basaltic or amphibole-related deposits while the opposite is true for rubies coming from marble-type deposits.

The different ratio between chromophore elements (V, Cr, Fe) can give valuable clues on the geological/geographic origin of emeralds, and the SrO/MnO ratio to separate saltwater (>17) from freshwater (<16) pearls. Use of portable XRF systems allow the elemental characterization (and then identification) of unmovable precious jewels preserved in museums or collections; with lower detection limits though compared with the bigger counterparts.

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